CONJUNCTION

CONJUNCTION

A. pengertian

            

Conjunction adalah kata sambung yang dipakai untuk menghubungkan / menggabungkan kata-kata, frase atau klausa dalam sebuah kalimat. Dan kebanyakan dari conjunction ini berasal dari parts of speech yang lain, khususnya dari preposition.

Eg. Rama dan Shinta came yesterday

I have breakfast before I go to school

Here: kupu terhubung dengan shinta oleh kata and dan kalimat Igo to school terhubung dengan kalimat I have breakfast oleh kata before. Jadi and dan before adalah kata sambung (penghubung).

Types of conjunction (JENIS KATA SAMBUNG) :

1. Coordinating conjunction adalah kata sambung yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan unsure-unsur dalam kalimat yang memiliki tingkat yang setara

Berdasarkan pengertian diatas Coordinating conjunction dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam

a. Comulative conjunction adalah kelompok kata penghubung yang berfungsi memiliki arti mengumpulkan / menambah and (dan) both ... and ... (keduanya dari ... dan ...) dan juga (dan juga), serta (dan / juga / maupun), not only ... but juga (tidak hanya ... tapi juga ...) again (lagi / lagipula), furthermore (lebih-lebih), likewise (seperti itu pula), besides (disamping itu), moreover (lebih-lebih lagi), in addition (tambahan lagi)

- Ita, serta Anis, invites me to come soon

- Ita is beautiful and diligent

- Not only ita is beautiful but she is also diligent

b. Alternative conjunction yaitu kelompok kata penghubung yang mengandung pengertian alternative atau pilihan antara dua atau lebih.

Or (atau), either ... or ... (... atau), or else ... (atau juga ...), otherwise ... (kalau tidak ...), neither ... nor ... (bukan ... atau ...)

- Either that boy sinned or his parents

- Neither ita not Anis is a teacher

- You must take rest otherwise you will lose your health

Catatan:

Neither ... not ... selalu diikuti tobeatau kata kerja positif.walaupun demikian pengertian dari pola ini selalu negative.

c. Adversative conjunction yaitu kelompok kata penghubung yang mengandung arti pertentangan antara satu bagian denagn bagian yg lain.

But, however (tetapi), though, although, eventhough (meskipun), inspite of, despite (meskipun), regardless (tanpa memedulikan) yet (meskipun begitu), nevertheless (namun), sementara (sedangkan, meskipun), still (namun), whereas (padahal, sedangkan)

- He is clever man nevertheless he often makes mistakes

- Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it

Catatan:

Although dan inspite of memiliki arti sama tapi penggunaannya berbeda. Although diikuti kalimat lengkap sedangkan inspite of tidak.

He went out although it was raining

He went out inspite of the rain

d. Illative conjunction yaitu kelompok kata penghubung yang menunjukkan pengertian sebab akibat dari suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang lain. Atau menunjukkan kesimpulan therefore (oleh karena itu), thus (jadi), consequently (karenanya), because of (sebab itu), as a result (sehingga), accordingly (maka, jadi), hence (karenanya, alasan itu), so (jadi), for this reason (untuk itu), regardless of (demikian), so then (maka), for (karena).

- She is very busy accordingly, she can't see you

- Father is ill, therefore, he can't come today

- It is time to go, so then let us start

e. Conjunction yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat dengan tekanan pada sebab

Because, because of, since, as, for (sebab)

- It is hard to speak English because we never practice it

- Because of you, I can speak English

Catatan:

"since" diletakkan di awal kalimat sedangkan "for" ditengah kalimat

- Since it was raining heavily, he just stayed at home

- He just stayed at home for it was raining heavily

"Because" selalu diikuti kalimat lengkap, sedangkan "because of" selalu diikuti noun

- Ita can not sleep well because it is very hot

- Ita can not sleep well because of the heat

f. Conjunction yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat dengan tekanan akibat

So that (sehingga), in order to (agar supaya / untuk)

- You must buy a dictionary so that you can look up word by word

g. Conjunction yang menunjukkan waktu

As, when, while, before, after, until

- She had gone when ita visited her

- I had waited for you until your mother came

h. Conjunction yang menggabungkan dua kalimat tanpa melebur menjadi Satu

However, nevertheless (meskipun begitu, meskipun demikian), on the other hand, in contrast, inspite of this (sebaliknya) besides, moreover, semilliary (disamping itu, selain itu, dengan itu)

- Ita is very tired, therefore she can't sleep well

- Anis was tired, however, she went on working for her family

2. Subordinate conjunction adalah kata sambung yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan anak kalimat (subordinate clause) dengan induk kalimat (main clause) dalam kalimat majemuk bertingkat (complex sentence). Kebanyakan dari subordinate conjunction ini berasal dari preposition, anak kalimat diawali subordinating conjunction, tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, artinya tergantung pada pokok kalimat atau induk kalimat. Sedangkan pokok kalimat dapat berdiri sendiri, artinya tidak tergantung dengan clause (sekelompok kata yang mengandung subject dan predikat) yang lain.

Cara ketergantungan (modes of dependence) berjumlah Sembilan, yaitu:

a. Keterangan tambahan (opposition) yang hanya dalam pengertian pengantar / perkenalan

Principle clause dependent clause

He made ​​a promise that he would return soon

b. Sebab atau alasan

Principle clause dependent clause

We can do nothing as he refuses

He couldn't go because he was ill

He will succed since he has studied hard

c. Akibat atau pengaruh

Principle clause dependent clause

He ran so fast that he made ​​himself tired

d. Maksud atau tujuan

Principle clause dependent clause

He shouted at the top of in order that he might be heard his voice

We eat so that we may live

He worked hard lets he should file

e. Persyaratan

Principle clause dependent clause

I will go out tomorrow if it is fine

I will come unless I hear to the Contrary

I will come provided that I am well enough

I will come provided Iam well enough

He talk as if he were drunk

We must do as we are told whether we wish it or no.

f. Pernyataan mengalah (Concession) atau contras

Principle clause dependent clause

He worked hard even though he was tire

He is an honest man though / although he is poor

He will never succed however much he may try

He is still asleep notwithstanding that he has already slept for eight hours

Catatan:

• Concessive: terutama tentang kata sambung yang menyatakan mengalah misalnya though, although, even though dan sebagainya. Though atau although dapat juga ditempatkan di posisi awal anak kalimat dan dipisahkan dengan kalimat utama menggunakan koma (,).

Although he was tired, he worked hard

Dependent principal

Though / although

He was tired he worked har

Namun lebih umum

Principal dependent

He work hard even though he was tired

He was tired but he worked hard

• Konjungsi however bila dipakai sebagai kata smbung sederajat (codinative conjunction), berdiri sendiri, dan biasanya ditempatkan pada suatu tempat di tengah kalimatnya. Akan tetapi bila ia (however) merupakan subordinative (kata sambung yang menghubungkan kalimat pokok dengan anak kalimat), ia harus diletakkan dimuka adverb atau adjective tertentu dan selalu ditempatkan pada awal kalimat.

Dependent principal

However hard you may work you will never be able to succed

• Bila as dipakai dalam pengertian konsesif (concessive) atau kontras, ia selalu didahului oleh adjective, adverb, atau participle, yang berfungsi sebagai komplemen untuk kata kerja yang mengikuti:

Dependent principal

Hot as the sun is we must go out

g. Perbandingan

• Berbandingan yang tingkatnya sama

Sifat yang sama dibandingkan:

o she is as tall as I (am) = Ia setinggi saya

o he is as clever as you = Ia sepandai Anda

sifat yang berbeda dibandingkan:

o she is a good as she is wise

sifat baiknya sama dengan sifat bijaksananya

• Yang tingkatannya tidak sama

Sifat yang sama dibandingkan

o He is more clever than I (umum)

Sifat yang berbeda dibandingkan

o The sea is deeper than the mountains are high

h. Upgrade atau cara

Principal dependent

The business will prosper according as it is judiciously managed

- The train hasn't arrived yet as far as I know

i. Waktu

Principal dependent

She call on her neighbor as the clock struck six

I will go as soon as the comes

You can sit down while I stand

I will help you as long as I live

He studied very hard before he succeded

Wait here until I return

You must study hard are you can gain your end

I will go after he leaves

She has been much stronger since she recovered from her